最全面的分析 | 曹雪涛被曝48篇文章,22篇可能涉嫌不适当图片展示,26篇文章没有明显的证据证明有问题
虽然网上爆出曹雪涛可能涉嫌54篇文章存在问题,但是经过RetractionWatch团队的系统分析,我们发现曹雪涛共有48篇通讯,我们将其分为4类,分别时涉嫌一图多用,已纠正/撤稿,质疑文章的结论,其他:
一图多用:证据比较确凿,图片高度相似,这种类型的文章共达到18篇;
已纠正/撤稿:纠正了3篇,撤回了1篇文章;其中很大原因是图片重复使用/不恰当的裁剪图片;
质疑文章的结论:共有2篇,作者做了系统的回复,消除了质疑者的疑虑;
其他:证据不是很充足或者就是没有涉嫌到学术不端,只是质疑者的怀疑,希望能得到进一步的答复,这类文章达到了24篇;
曹雪涛团队及时的答复了8篇文章的疑问,总体上能自证其学术完整性。
总而言之,曹雪涛团队能对于质疑者的疑问,能够迅速的处理,打消其疑虑,这对于处理该类事件,为我们提供了借鉴。
1.不适当图片展示
1.1 MicroRNA in vivo precipitation identifies miR-151-3p as a computational unpredictable miRNA to target Stat3 and inhibits innate IL-6 production(已回复)
多个条带一图多用:标示相同颜色的代表可能涉嫌一图多用。
回复情况:对于这些错误,我们深表歉意,并再次感谢您对此表示关注。我们已经联系了Cell.Mol.Immunol的编辑部。进行更正,更正后的数据将很快发布。
拟更正的结果
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/C38007F0D9BE81295CC03584CF6D47#2
1.2 A novel human phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein resists tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation and phosphatidylethanolamine externalization(未回复)
有多图涉嫌一图多用,但是由于文章是2004年发表的,时间比较久远。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/5DF920206D8B16786051D2F45AF545#7
1.3 Cyclin L2, a novel RNA polymerase II-associated cyclin, is involved in pre-mRNA splicing and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells(未回复)
多图涉嫌不适当裁剪
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/2DA67F4FE904F63A1EE6F0550077B6#5
1.4 DIgR2, dendritic cell-derived immunoglobulin receptor 2, is one representative of a family of IgSF inhibitory receptors and mediates negative regulation of dendritic cell-initiated antigen-specific T-cell responses(未回复)
不同实验组,但是图片有部分重叠
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/CCCBDF9D086BCE563D7C9F51B6DDE6#1
1.5 HSP70L1-mediated intracellular priming of dendritic cell vaccination induces more potent CTL response against cancer(已回复)
流式细胞仪图片高度相似
作者回复:
由于编辑时产生错误,正确的结果将会很快发布
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/7B8AF46A8B42CC47492CADBE7D040E#4
1.6 TLR4 signaling promotes immune escape of human lung cancer cells by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and apoptosis resistance(未回复)
多图可能涉嫌一图多用
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/AACB1D8E4664C1182E5B7B3F79A4D3#3
1.7 CaMKII promotes TLR-triggered proinflammatory cytokine and type I interferon production by directly binding and activating TAK1 and IRF3 in macrophages(已回复)
红色方框看起来高度相似
曹雪涛回复:
对于您最近发表的关于在第二军医大学医学免疫学国家重点实验室和免疫学研究所进行的上述研究的质疑,我写信给您,我是通讯作者。
感谢您对我们工作的兴趣以及您对保护科学记录的准确性和研究追求的完整性的承诺。一直以来,它们对我也至关重要。在收到您的质疑后,我已将其列为我们的首要任务,并立即采取措施调查相关的问题,并仔细地重新检查了我们的手稿,原始数据和实验室记录。
。对这些研究的分析仍在进行中。基于截至目前的分析,以及从同事和同行那里收到的补充反馈,他希望补充一点——“我仍然对这些论文中得出的科学结论的有效性、牢靠性以及研究的可重复性,充满信心。”“对于我的任何失察及由此带来的不便,我深表歉意。”
1.8/1.9 Rapamycin reverses TLR4 signaling-triggered tumor apoptosis resistance by disrupting Akt-mediated Bcl-xL upregulation(未回复)
Rapamycin suppresses TLR4-triggered IL-6 and PGE(2) production of colon cancer cells by inhibiting TLR4 expression and NF-kappaB activation(未回复)
多图可能涉嫌不恰当的裁剪,另外可能使用先前发表的文章的图片。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/08E56DF7BB4E8E835A1E0F9C447526#4
1.10 Pulmonary stromal cells induce the generation of regulatory DC attenuating T-cell-mediated lung inflammation(未回复)
可能多图涉嫌不适当的裁剪
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/CBB6F604AF8EA3303D00709A4BC718#3
1.11 Blockade of Fas signaling in breast cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis via disruption of Fas signaling-initiated cancer-related inflammation(未回复)
高度相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/86B18DEBE57B4D6947B05C4AFADCE5#2
1.12/1.13 Cloning and functional characterization of human septin 10, a novel member of septin family cloned from dendritic cells(未回复)
Cyclin L2, a novel RNA polymerase II-associated cyclin, is involved in pre-mRNA splicing and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells(未回复)
泳道似乎以不同的顺序显示并代表不同的组织类型或细胞系。 但是相应的泳道看起来高度相似。而且来源于不同的文章
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/F52C08F1625C2346AC69324EE35BFD#1
https://pubpeer.com/publications/2DA67F4FE904F63A1EE6F0550077B6
1.14 Reciprocal control of miR-197 and IL-6/STAT3 pathway reveals miR-197 as potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma(未回复)
部分区域相互重叠
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/00D65E7A8B7039940F58C85F57678E#1
1.15 Rb selectively inhibits innate IFN-β production by enhancing deacetylation of IFN-β promoter through HDAC1 and HDAC8(未回复)
两张图片出现部分重叠
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/9E3A68A718AB2107159A7FD895AC02#1
1.16 Chemokine-containing exosomes are released from heat-stressed tumor cells via lipid raft-dependent pathway and act as efficient tumor vaccine(未回复)
部分图片可能重叠
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/D4EB83FC0D3D47B5EDD2C69EEF9F51#
1.17 hPEBP4 resists TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells by activating Akt and deactivating ERK1/2 pathways(未回复)
多个图片可能有相互重叠
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/29D5953C2321E226BBCA732CD9862C#2
1.18 The methyltransferase PRMT6 attenuates antiviral innate immunity by blocking TBK1–IRF3 signaling(未回复)
可能来自相同的小鼠,而不是2只不同的小鼠。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/DE5BD29F56BF1BF71A2A4FEB53E9DC#1
2.已纠正/撤稿
2.1 Silencing of human phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 sensitizes breast cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis and cell growth arrest(杂志社已经更正)
2015年对图1A,3B-3、5A和5E进行了更正。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/206A13FD9B415266C05A1023ACAFAF#9
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/21/6/1499
2.2 Fas signal promotes the immunosuppressive function of regulatory dendritic cells via the ERK/β-catenin pathway
本文已发布2014年对图1B,1D,2A,3C和6B的更正。重复使用数据
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/8B2BD6DDFF2F7C93AD1C78BF9FC819#2
http://www.jbc.org/content/289/9/5534.full
2.3 IPP5, a novel protein inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, promotes G1/S progression in a Thr-40-dependent manner(已撤稿)
撤稿没有说明原因,但是可能涉嫌众多一图多用 。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/7E17B85FB91772B61AD5C903B83CA3#2
http://www.jbc.org/content/290/10/6004
2.4 Splenic stroma drives mature dendritic cells to differentiate into regulatory dendritic cells
图片一样
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/F9A6CEEAE60996A22BC1CE4B812E60#1
3.怀疑文章的结论
3.1 K33-linked polyubiquitination of Zap70 by Nrdp1 controls CD8(+) T cell activation(已回复)
回复情况:进行系统的回复,同时指出尽管激活的T细胞百分比的确切数字不等于其他小组所报告的数字,但图2a-2d中显示的数据在某种程度上可与某些先前的报告进行比较。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/374DD4FC9C7097445A324A359DD3DC#4
3.2 Circular RNA circMTO1 acts as the sponge of microRNA-9 to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression(已回复)
虽然很多疑问,但是作者一一回复。
4.其他
对于这一类,质疑者提出了质疑,很难进一步下结论
4.1 Induction of allospecific tolerance by immature dendritic cells genetically modified to express soluble TNF receptor(未回复)
一些流式细胞仪图看起来似乎比预期的更相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/AB06D53F704481BA5CD306FED7089F#1
4.2 Endogenous human CaMKII inhibitory protein suppresses tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through down-regulation of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt/HDM2 pathway(未回复)
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/426BD6FBC093057C44837A3AEDC622#1
4.3 Triptolide (PG-490) induces apoptosis of dendritic cells through sequential p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation(未回复)
4.4 The STAT3-binding long noncoding RNA lnc-DC controls human dendritic cell differentiation(已回复)
曹雪涛回复:
在本文中,补充图S12A提供了一个阴性对照实验,该实验显示lnc-DC-RNAi对树突状细胞(DC)的凋亡没有影响。正如您所指出的那样,在此图中,“无转染”组的左侧面板看起来与lnc-DC RNAi组的右侧面板非常相似,这可能是由于放置了FACS图,它们代表了相同的样本。我们重新审视了这些实验的所有原始数据。校正后的补充图S12A和相关原始数据如下。对于在提交稿件之前发生的这种无意的错误,我们深表歉意。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/32277EED93BA5C859FF533265741B0#2
4.5 E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP facilitates Toll-like receptor signaling by recruiting and polyubiquitinating Src and atypical PKC{zeta}(已回复)
经过回复,该文章虽然怀疑多图高度相似,但是经过作者提供原始数据,证明非一图多用,打消了质疑。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/A4880BFC485A680B1F0A50D4000E34#4
4.6 Type I IFN inhibits innate IL-10 production in macrophages through histone deacetylase 11 by downregulating microRNA-145(已回复)
经过回复,打消了质疑。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/391C4750E86884E79CCFDDBA970DED#3
4.7 Human SCAMP5, a novel secretory carrier membrane protein, facilitates calcium-triggered cytokine secretion by interaction with SNARE machinery(未回复)
看起来很相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/75A178F873875AECDE145BA04B7BAF#
4.8 Platelets promote allergic asthma through the expression of CD154(未回复)
虽然看起来很相似,但是这2张照片可能不是相同的照片
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/B2EC5541644A5B2A44660C351913F0#4
4.9 TGF-beta1 gene-modified, immature dendritic cells delay the development of inflammatory bowel disease by inducing CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells(未回复)
虽然看起来很相似,但是需要进一步检查结果。
4.10 Promotion of cellular migration and apoptosis resistance by a mouse eye-specific phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(未回复)
模式相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/67308B6027F13D1F5005640E147177#3
4.11 PECAM-1 ligation negatively regulates TLR4 signaling in macrophages(未回复)
模式相似
参考消息:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255154
4.12 Adenovirus-mediated LIGHT gene modification in murine B-cell lymphoma elicits a potent antitumor effect(未回复)
尽管这些图看起来看起来很相似,但是所测量的百分比却大不相同。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/60C07737D596D1F4149DAE26270AEE#1
4.13 EAPF/Phafin-2, a novel endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, facilitates TNF-alpha-triggered cellular apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway(未回复)
看起来很像
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/8BDC69BD734C61B2167B9C1C10E693#1
4.14 Surface anchorage of superantigen SEA promotes induction of specific antitumor immune response by tumor-derived exosomes(未回复)
可能不适当的修剪,但是文中没有详细提到。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/FC0AB49E194DBD5CED6F2169067EF8#1
4.15 More efficient induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CTL response by immunization with exosomes prepared from heat-stressed CEA-positive tumor cells(未回复)
肉眼看起来很相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/6FDCF6D168E554BC655D597DAFF634#2
4.16 The lysosome-associated apoptosis-inducing protein containing the pleckstrin homology (PH) and FYVE domains (LAPF), representative of a novel family of PH and FYVE domain-containing proteins, induces caspase-independent apoptosis via the lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway(未回复)
泳道背景相似
参考信息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/70800270875EC28F570A3B270E92FA#1
4.17 Zinc finger protein 64 promotes Toll-like receptor-triggered proinflammatory and type I interferon production in macrophages by enhancing p65 subunit activation(未回复)
可能相似,但是需要进一步的证据。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/144A879EE063349F7218585CE1473F#2
4.18 IL-17A-producing gammadeltaT cells promote CTL responses against Listeria monocytogenes infection by enhancing dendritic cell cross-presentation(未回复)
看起来相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/08D4D44963D3BD9EDCF964DC35FECA#2
4.19 IgSF13, a novel human inhibitory receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is preferentially expressed in dendritic cells and monocytes(未回复)
可能相似,但是需要进一步的证据。
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/6E299E000FB4D44639AD6AE0922001#1
4.20 Death domain-associated protein 6 (Daxx) selectively represses IL-6 transcription through histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)-mediated histone deacetylation in macrophages(未回复)
看起来很相似,但是需要进一步确认
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/DA6C6BC3B67B4D3F88B9E3379C97EF#1
4.21 Small GTPase RBJ mediates nuclear entrapment of MEK1/MEK2 in tumor progression (未回复)
细胞看起来很相似
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/A8F61B6ABF375CF4783FCCF39D01E2#1
4.22 Cancer-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce anergy of NK cells through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1(未回复)
质疑流式细胞仪实验
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/EC6BF87FCF1664A4CC5E35AEA78FB8#9
4.23 CD69+ CD4+ CD25- T cells, a new subset of regulatory T cells, suppress T cell proliferation through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1(未回复)
质疑流式细胞仪实验
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/95A453B9C5FA7905D784077AFE2A4B#2
4.24 CD69+ CD4+ CD25- T cells, a new subset of regulatory T cells, suppress T cell proliferation through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1(未回复)
看起来可能时水平翻转,但是可能代表相同的处理实验组
参考消息:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/59CFE48A732847FB333B656C66047B#1
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